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Top Fitness Expert Reveals Best Dumbbell CHEST Workout Techniques

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Chest Workout: Building a Stronger Chest 💪🏋️‍♀️

A well-developed chest is a key component of a strong and athletic upper body. The chest muscles, also known as the pectoralis muscles, consist of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. 🤸‍♀️

# Chest Muscle Anatomy 🎨
The pectoralis major muscle is divided into two parts: the sternal head (chest muscle) and the clavicular head (upper chest muscle). The pectoralis minor muscle is a smaller muscle that lies underneath the pectoralis major muscle. 💀

# Functions of the Chest Muscles 🤔
The chest muscles have several important functions:

1. _Shoulder Movement_: The chest muscles assist in shoulder movements, such as flexion, extension, and rotation. 🤸‍♀️
2. _Arm Movement_: The chest muscles help to move the arm, particularly in actions such as pushing and throwing. 🏈
3. _Breathing_: The chest muscles also play a role in breathing, particularly during deep inspiration. 👅

# Chest Exercises 🏋️‍♀️
Here are some effective exercises for building a stronger chest:

1. _Bench Press_: This exercise targets the sternal head of the pectoralis major muscle. 🏋️‍♀️
2. _Dumbbell Press_: This exercise targets the sternal head of the pectoralis major muscle. 🏋️‍♀️
3. _Incline Bench Press_: This exercise targets the clavicular head of the pectoralis major muscle. 🏋️‍♀️
4. _Decline Bench Press_: This exercise targets the sternal head of the pectoralis major muscle. 🏋️‍♀️
5. _Chest Fly_: This exercise targets the pectoralis major muscle. 🌈

# Benefits of a Strong Chest 💪
Building a stronger chest can have several benefits:

1. _Improved Athletic Performance_: A strong chest can improve athletic performance in sports that involve pushing, throwing, or lifting. 🏈🏊‍♀️
2. _Increased Strength_: A strong chest can increase overall strength and power. 💪
3. _Better Posture_: A strong chest can help improve posture and reduce the risk of back and shoulder injuries. 🌈
4. _Enhanced Aesthetics_: A well-developed chest can enhance the appearance of the upper body and improve overall muscle balance. 🌟

# Common Chest Injuries 🤕
Here are some common injuries that can affect the chest muscles:

1. _Pectoralis Major Strain_: Overstretching or tearing of the pectoralis major muscle can cause pain and weakness in the chest. 🤕
2. _Pectoralis Minor Strain_: Overstretching or tearing of the pectoralis minor muscle can cause pain and weakness in the chest. 🤕
3. _Costochondritis_: Inflammation of the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone can cause pain and tenderness in the chest. 🤕

# Prevention and Treatment 🏥
To prevent chest injuries, it’s essential to:

1. _Warm Up Properly_: Before exercising or engaging in physical activity, warm up your muscles with light cardio and stretching. 🏃‍♀️
2. _Use Proper Form_: When performing exercises, use proper form and technique to avoid putting unnecessary strain on your muscles. 🤓
3. _Stretch Regularly_: Regular stretching can help improve flexibility and reduce muscle tension. 🧘‍♀️

If you do experience a chest injury, it’s essential to:

1. _Seek Medical Attention_: If you experience severe pain or swelling, seek medical attention immediately. 🏥
2. _Rest and Ice_: Rest your chest and apply ice to reduce pain and inflammation. ❄️
3. _Stretch and Strengthen_: Once your injury has healed, stretch and strengthen your chest muscles to prevent future injuries. 🏋️‍♀️

#ChestWorkout #ChestMuscles #PectoralisMajor #PectoralisMinor #UpperBody #StrengthTraining #Fitness #Workout #Exercise #Muscle #Anatomy #Physiology #InjuryPrevention #InjuryTreatment #Recovery #FitnessMotivation #GymLife #FitnessJourney

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A Surprising Vegetable Approach to Insomnia

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Lactucin, the hypnotic component of lettuce, is put to the test in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of lettuce seeds.

“There is a perception that time spent asleep is time wasted,” but it’s widely recognized that insufficient sleep is linked to multiple acute and chronic conditions and increases the risks of death and disease.

As I discuss in my video Natural Dietary Remedy for Insomnia, forcing people to get only six hours of sleep per night for one week can change the expression of more than 700 genes. The most dire effect may be endothelial dysfunction. The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the inside of blood vessels and is responsible for allowing our arteries to relax and dilate properly. Randomizing people to get five instead of seven hours of sleep for about a week results in a significant impairment in artery function from just that two-hour nightly difference.

How bad is a week of getting only five hours a night? Sleep deprivation is no joke. “The magnitude of impairment…is similar to that reported in people who smoke, or have diabetes, or who have coronary artery disease.” No wonder people who sleep less than seven hours a night may experience a 12% to 35% increased risk of premature death compared to those who get a full seven hours. Yet a significant portion of the population—28% of adults in the United States, for instance—may routinely get less than that. “Sufficiently long, restful sleep sessions each night are an indisputable cornerstone of good health.” So, what can we do about it?

Those who have sleep apnea, a common consequence of obesity that interferes with sleep, benefit from the use of CPAP machines while they’re losing weight to hopefully treat the underlying cause. But what if apnea isn’t your problem? What if you just have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep? In my book How Not to Diet, there’s a whole section on sleep enhancement, where I go through the Four Rules of Sleep Conditioning and the Four Rules of Sleep Hygiene, as you can see below and at 2:04 in my video. What if you follow those guidelines but still can’t get to sleep? Are there any natural dietary remedies?

I’ve previously talked about using kiwifruit and tart cherries to fight insomnia. Are there any vegetables that might help? Lactuca sativa is a plant that has traditionally been used to treat insomnia. What is this exotic-sounding leafy vegetable? Lettuce! Evidently, lettuce extracts have been used for their sedative and sleep-inducing properties since the Roman Empire. Lettuce actually does have a hypnotic substance in it called lactucin, which is what makes lettuce taste a little bitter. But you don’t know if it actually works until you put it to the test.

And it does work…in toads. It also works in rodents. Sleep for both mice and rats is enhanced by romaine lettuce. Researchers used romaine since it has a higher lactucin content compared to other lettuces.

But does it work in people? About 10 years ago, a study was published in which insomnia sufferers were randomized to receive lettuce seed oil, which is oil extracted from lettuce seeds. Within a week, about 70% of those in the lettuce seed oil group said their insomnia “very much or much improved,” compared to just 20% in the placebo control group. The researchers concluded that lettuce seed oil was found to be a useful, safe sleeping aid in geriatric patients with sleeping difficulties. They chose to study older individuals because insomnia affects about 20% to 40% of older adults at least a few nights a month.

You think that’s a lot? Sleep disturbances can plague as many as nearly 8 out of 10 women during pregnancy. Of course, there are lots of different sleeping pills, but they may endanger the fetus or mother. For example, doctors frequently prescribe Ambien for pregnant women who have trouble sleeping, but Ambien use is associated with a wide range of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as low-birth-weight babies, premature birth, and cesarean section. And the use of valium during pregnancy has been linked to birth defects including limb deficiencies. There has to be a better way. What about trying lettuce?

The lettuce seed oil study had a number of limitations. For example, it was only single-blind, meaning the researchers knew who was on the lettuce supplements and who was on placebo, which could have introduced some bias. But the researchers essentially said, Give us a break. Big pharma has billions to spend on research. No one wants to fund studies on lettuce.

However, researchers finally performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, but this time on a whole food, not just a lettuce seed extract. But how does one come up with a placebo lettuce? How is it possible to hide who gets lettuce and who doesn’t? Well, a head of lettuce can’t fit into a capsule, but whole lettuce seeds can. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on lettuce seeds for pregnancy-related insomnia, 100 pregnant women with insomnia were randomized to receive capsules containing either a quarter teaspoon of ground lettuce seeds or a placebo for two weeks. Those on the lettuce seeds saw a significant improvement in a sleep quality index score compared to placebo with no reported side effects.

Doctor’s Note

The insomnia videos I mentioned are Kiwifruit for Insomnia and Tart Cherries for Insomnia.

For the Four Rules of Sleep Conditioning and the Four Rules of Sleep Hygiene, go to your local public library or independent bookstore and pick up How Not to Diet. (All proceeds I receive from my books are donated to charity.)



Perfect Plate Method to LOSE WEIGHT | Cooking Craft

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Perfect Plate Method to LOSE WEIGHT
If you want to lose weight but you don’t know how to do eat correctly, this video is for you.
You need to learn how to arrange your plate correctly.
For this you need:
50% of vegetables
25% of protein
25% of carbohydrates

#perfectplatetoloseweight
#loseweight
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#arrangeyourplatetoloseweight

CLICK THIS:https://bit.ly/3yeMAW1

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Like and share!
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15 दिन में कमज़ोरी ख़त्म Best Diet for Weight Gain| How to Gain Weight Fast | कमज़ोरी कैसे दूर करें?

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क्या आप भी कमज़ोरी या दुबलेपन से परेशान हैं? 15 दिन लगातार इस सिंपल 8-स्टेप डाइट प्लान को फॉलो करें और खुद फर्क देखें!

Want to get rid of weakness and gain weight naturally in just 15 days? Follow this ultimate Indian diet chart! From boiled eggs in the morning to a warm glass of milk at night, these 8 everyday foods will boost your energy and stamina naturally. Watch till the end and don’t forget to LIKE, SHARE, and SUBSCRIBE for more daily health tips

• How to gain weight fast
• Kamzori kaise dur kare
• 15 days weight gain challenge
• Best diet for muscle gain
• Vazan badhane ka tarika
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• Benefits of eating banana and milk
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• Health tips in Hindi

#shorts #healthtips #weightgain #bodybuilding #dietplan #healthyfood #fitnessmotivation #kamzori #fitmedix #youtubeshorts #viralshorts

• How to gain weight fast
• Kamzori kaise dur kare
• 15 days weight gain challenge
• Best diet for muscle gain
• Vazan badhane ka tarika
• Mota hone ke liye kya khaye
• Best Indian diet chart for strength
• Benefits of eating banana and milk
• Desi ghee benefits for weight gain
• Health tips in Hindi

• Mota hone ka tarika
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• Vazan badhane ke liye kya khaye
• How to gain weight naturally
• Muscle gain diet chart
• 15 days weight gain challenge
• 10 kg weight gain in 1 month
• Fast weight gain tips for men and women
• Dublepatle sharir ko mota kaise kare
• High calorie foods for weight gain
• Kamzori kaise door kare
• Sharirik kamzori ka ilaj
• Stamina badhane ke tarike
• Body me takat kaise laye
• Energy badhane wale foods
• Thakan aur kamzori ka upchar
• How to cure weakness permanently
• Diet for weakness and fatigue

• Benefits of eating 2 bananas daily
• Boiled eggs in breakfast benefits
• Doodh pine ka sahi samay
• Moongfali khane ke fayde
• Dal chawal for weight gain
• Desi ghee benefits for strength
• Best fruits to eat daily for health
• Salad khane ke fayde

• Health tips in Hindi
• FitMedix health tips
• Ghar ka desi diet plan
• Weight gain foods
• Best Indian diet chart
• Daily routine health tips
• Healthy lifestyle tips
• Fit body diet

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14 Easy Foil Packet Recipes for Grilling and Camping


I love foil packet recipes, and over the years that I’ve been posting them, I’ve learned that you do too. Let’s talk about what makes them such a win, especially for summertime:

  • Easy cleanup: Everything cooks in the foil packets, which means there’s less to clean afterwards. Just toss the foil!
  • Tender, juicy, and flavorful: The foil packets lock in steam and juices, keeping proteins tender and vegetables delicious.
  • Great for grilling and camping: It’s fun to have something other than hot dogs and s’mores when you’re camping.
  • Make-ahead options: Many foil packet recipes can be assembled in advance and then popped on the grill when you’re ready.

Delivery Ke Baad Weight Loss Kaise Kare | #shorts #pregnancy #postpartum #weightloss

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Delivery Ke Baad Weight Loss Kaise Kare | #shorts #pregnancy #postpartum #weightloss

Doctor in the video: Dr. Neelu Agrawal, MBBS, DGO

इस वीडियो में स्त्री रोग विशेषज्ञ (obstetrician and gynaecologist) डॉ. नीलू अग्रवाल बता रही हैं, डिलीवरी के बाद भी वेट लॉस कैसे करें?

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सिजेरियन डिलीवरी के बाद वजन कैसे कम करें

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PF Chang’s Lettuce Wraps (Better Than the Restaurant!)


This PF Chang’s Lettuce Wraps recipe is my copycat version of the famous restaurant appetizer — and it’s been one of my most popular recipes since I first published it in 2014. These chicken lettuce wraps taste exactly like the ones you get at PF Chang’s, but they’re made with simple pantry staples and come together in about 20 minutes.

PF Chang's lettuce wraps served on a platter.

Absolute best recipe! I go back to this one time and time again and it never fails. As a great back up when I can’t think of anything else to make. -Lydia

I am a PF Chang’s girlie (ask anyone that knows me), and every time I go, I order their famous chicken lettuce wraps. Sometimes I even get them as a main meal!

What I’m trying to say is that years of eating PF Chang’s lettuce wraps helped me perfect this 5-star copycat recipe (just look at the comments!).

  • Ground chicken: Lean ground chicken is what makes up the bulk of the “meat.”
  • Mushrooms: Sneaky, but necessary. Umami adds so much flavor to this recipe and really gives it a unique flavor.
  • Water chestnuts: This is what gives them their famous crunch.
  • Lettuce: You can use any kind of lettuce for this recipe, but I prefer butter lettuce!

PF Chang’s Lettuce Wraps Sauce

The sauce in these chicken lettuce wraps is truly what makes the recipe. It’s sweet, fresh, and tastes exactly like the sauce from the restaurant. Here’s what you need:

  • Hoisin sauce: Hoisin is sweet and flavorful. It’s not gluten-free, but you can find a few different gluten-free hoisin sauces out there, so keep an eye open if you’re gluten-free!
  • Freshly grated ginger: Ginger is a must for this sauce. I highly recommend using freshly grated ginger. If you don’t have fresh ginger, you can always sub my favorite ginger squeeze product!
  • Soy sauce: It wouldn’t be a lettuce wrap recipe without a little bit of soy sauce.
  • Minced garlic: Don’t skimp on the garlic! That is all.
  • Rice vinegar: A little rice vinegar goes a long way. I’m a firm believer that vinegar of any kind should be added to most sauces because it brings out the other flavors of the sauce.
  • Corn starch: Corn starch is used to thicken the sauce up a bit so it’s not so runny.
Pouring sauce over ground chicken for PF Chang's lettuce wraps.
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Cast Iron Pan

The Great Jones King Sear is our favorite cast iron pan. It’s definitely worth the splurge to add to your kitchen collection!

Close-up of PF Chang's lettuce wraps with sauce.

These copycat lettuce wraps come together fast — about 20 minutes from start to finish. Here’s the game plan:

  1. Cook the chicken: Heat a large skillet or wok over medium-high heat with a drizzle of sesame oil. Add the ground chicken and cook until browned, breaking it into small crumbles as it cooks (about 5–6 minutes).
  2. Add the veggies: Toss in the diced mushrooms and water chestnuts and stir everything together. Cook for another 2–3 minutes until the mushrooms soften.
  3. Make the sauce: While the chicken cooks, whisk together the hoisin sauce, soy sauce, rice vinegar, ginger, garlic, and cornstarch in a small bowl. Pour the sauce over the chicken mixture and stir until everything is coated and the sauce thickens slightly (about 1–2 minutes).
  4. Assemble: Spoon the filling into butter lettuce cups and top with sliced green onions and chopped peanuts. Serve immediately!

Make it a bowl: Looking for more of a hearty way to serve these lettuce wraps? Serve them as a bowl with either white rice or noodles.

Add some spice: Add some heat with sriracha or red chili garlic paste if you like it spicy.

Add more veggies: Finely dice up any other veggies you have on hand such as bell pepper, broccoli, or onion.

Go vegetarian: Swap the ground chicken for extra mushrooms, crumbled tofu, or a plant-based ground meat.

Use a different protein: Any ground meat works here — lean ground beef and ground turkey are both great swaps.

Switch up the lettuce: Butter lettuce is my favorite, but iceberg and romaine both work well if that’s what you have on hand.

Chicken lettuce wraps on a serving platter with toppings.

What Goes Well with PF Chang’s Lettuce Wraps?

Serving these PF Chang’s lettuce wraps as an appetizer? Pair them with one of my other take-out-inspired recipes!

Storage and Make-Ahead Tips

Refrigerate: Store the cooked chicken filling in an airtight container in the fridge for up to 4 days. Keep the lettuce cups separate so they stay crisp.

Freeze: The filling freezes beautifully for up to 3 months. Thaw overnight in the fridge and reheat in a skillet over medium heat until warmed through.

Make ahead: Prep the sauce and dice the veggies up to 2 days in advance. When you’re ready to serve, the actual cooking takes less than 15 minutes.

Meal prep: This filling is perfect for weekly meal prep. Portion it into containers and grab lettuce cups when you’re ready to eat — or serve it over rice for an easy lunch.

What is the crunchy stuff in PF Chang’s lettuce wraps?

The crunchy white pieces are water chestnuts! They’re a mild, slightly sweet vegetable that adds a satisfying crunch to the filling. You can find them canned in the Asian aisle of most grocery stores.

Can you make lettuce wraps ahead of time?

Yes! Make the filling ahead and store it in the fridge for up to 4 days. Just keep the lettuce separate until you’re ready to serve so it stays fresh and crunchy.

What sauce does PF Chang’s use on lettuce wraps?

The restaurant uses a hoisin-based sauce with soy sauce, ginger, and garlic. My copycat version uses the same base flavors plus rice vinegar and a touch of cornstarch to get that slightly thick, glossy sauce that coats the chicken perfectly.

Are PF Chang’s lettuce wraps healthy?

Lettuce wraps are one of the lighter options on the PF Chang’s menu, and this homemade version is even better. Using lean ground chicken and fresh veggies keeps the calories and fat lower than most take-out dishes, and you control exactly what goes into the sauce.

Are PF Chang’s lettuce wraps gluten-free?

This recipe is not gluten-free as written because both hoisin sauce and soy sauce contain gluten. To make it gluten-free, use tamari instead of soy sauce and grab a gluten-free hoisin sauce — they’re easy to find in most grocery stores.

  • First, make the sauce. Place all the ingredients for the sauce into a small bowl. Whisk until the corn starch has dissolved and then set aside.

  • Next, cook the ground chicken. Heat a large skillet over medium/high heat and add the sesame oil. When the oil is fragrant, add the mushrooms to the pan and season them with salt. Sauté the mushrooms for 5-7 minutes so that the moisture is released from the mushrooms and then cooks off a bit.

  • Add the water chestnuts to the pan and toss them with the mushrooms and cook  for an additional 2 minutes. Remove the mushrooms and water chestnuts from the skillet and set aside.

  • Place the skillet back over the heat and add the ground chicken. Break it up into small pieces with a spatula and cook the chicken over medium/high heat. Add the soy sauce to the skillet and mix with the chicken. Cook the ground chicken for 5-6 minutes or until fully cooked.

  • Add the mushrooms and water chestnuts back to the skillet and toss with the chicken.

  • Next, pour the sauce over all of the ingredients and toss the sauce with all of the ingredients. Heat the mixture over medium/high heat. Bring the sauce to a gentle boil and allow the sauce to simmer for 2-3 minutes until thickened.

  • Once the sauce has thicken remove the skillet from the heat and fold in Thai basil and cilantro. Serve the chicken mixture inside of the lettuce wraps with sliced green onion for garnish.

  • This recipe was slightly updated on 5/23/22. Here is a link to the old recipe. 
  • Make it gluten-free: use tamari instead of soy sauce and a gluten-free hoisin sauce.
  • Make it vegetarian: swap the ground chicken for a plant-based ground or ground tofu.

[adthrive-in-post-video-player video-id=”JelIezJ1″ upload-date=”2022-08-17T00:00:00.000Z” name=”PF Chang’s Lettuce Wraps” description=”Our copycat PF Chang’s Lettuce Wraps are so easy to make and taste like the real thing!”]

Serving: 1 g, Calories: 262 kcal, Carbohydrates: 16 g, Protein: 24 g, Fat: 12 g, Fiber: 2 g, Sugar: 6 g

Nutrition information is automatically calculated, so should only be used as an approximation.

More Lettuce Wraps Recipes

If you love this PF Chang’s lettuce wraps recipe, check out my other favorite lettuce wrap recipes below!



Meaning, Members, Benefits of Knowing


Article by Dr Raghuram Y.S. MD (Ay) & Dr Manasa S, B.A.M.S

Varga = group

Chatushtaya = four

Varga Chatushtaya means ‘Group of Four’.

Reference – Sushruta Samhita, Sutra Sthana, Chapter 1 – Vedotpatti Adhyaya, Verse 44

Varga Chatushtaya as described by Acharya Sushruta

Members of Varga Chatushtaya

Acharya Sushruta, in Sutra Sthana – Chapter 1 of Sushruta Samhita has described Varga Chatushtaya. It comprises four members. They are –

  1. Ahara – group of food materials
  2. Aushadha – group of medicinal herbs
  3. Parthiva – group of materials derived from earth
  4. Kalakrita – group of special factors of kala i.e. time

 Related AIAPGET Questions

  1. Varga Chatushtaya explained by Dalhana consists of – (Su.Su.1/44)
  2. Samswedaja, Jarayuja, Andaja, Udbhija
  3.   Ahara, Achara, Parthiva, Kalakrit
  4. Sthavara, Jangama, Parthiva, Kalakrit
  5.   None of the above

Ans – This question was asked in Gujarat Public Service Commission – Lecturer Screening Test – 2018 – Maulika Siddhanta

Other related questions

  1. The Varga Chatushtaya are explained in which chapter of Sushruta Samhita?
  2. Su.Su.1
  3.   Su.Sha.1
  4. Su.Kalp.1
  5.   Su.Chi.1

Ans – a. Su.Su.1

 


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  1. Varga Chatushtaya described by Acharya Vagbhata are –
  2. Vikaranam Prakopanam
  3.   Vikaranam Prashamanam
  4. None
  5.   Both

Ans – d. Both (Su.Su.1/44)

  1. Varga Chaturvidha or Varga Chatushtaya which can cause prakopa or prashamana of vikaras are explained by –
  2. Acharya Vagbhata
  3.   Acharya Sushruta
  4. Acharya Charaka
  5.   Acharya Sharngdhara

Ans – b. Acharya Sushruta (Su.Su.1/44)

Need for study and Benefits of Understanding the Varga Chatushtaya

Firstly, Acharya Sushruta describes each of these four members in detail i.e. Ahara – the group of foods of plant and animal origins, Aushadha – the group of medicines, Parthiva – the group of earthly things and Kalakrita – those which are derived from the time. Later he concludes by mentioning that the above four shall be considered as Varga Chaturvidha or Varga Chatushtaya.

Need for Study – 

शारीराणां विकाराणामेष वर्गश्चतुर्विधः ।

प्रकोपे प्रशमे चैव हेतुरुक्तश्चिकित्सकै:|| Su.Su.1/44

It is very essential to study and understand this concept for the physicians. The knowledge of the same is also very much essential for a common man. This will help one to understand that the same four groups of things mentioned in Chaturvidha Varga are responsible for both health and diseases, depending on how skilfully or wrongfully one gets exposed to them respectively.

Acharya Sushruta says – ‘The physicians believe that these four groups i.e. ahara, aushadha, parthiva and kalakrita either increase (cause aggravation or exacerbation) or decrease (cause pacification or diminution) of the diseases in the body’.

This simply means to say that, when they are skilfully used, they decrease or pacify the diseases and hence are therapeutic in nature. When the same four are used unskilfully would become victims of many diseases or aggravation of the existing diseases. In short, they would contribute towards pathogenesis of diseases.

Now we will just touch upon these four vargas briefly.

Varga Chatushtaya in a Nutshell

  1. Ahara – food

Ahara – food – is said to be the mula i.e. root of sustenance of life for all the living beings. It bestows strength, colour, complexion and vitality on individuals. These features are not just supported by the food, but are also protected by it.

These foods comprise of and are enriched by the shad rasas. Shad Rasas are the six tastes constituted in the food. They are –

        Madhura – sweet

        Amla – sour

        Lavana – salt

        Katu – pungent

        Tikta – bitter and

        Kashaya – astringent

  1. Aushadha – means medicinal herbs or medicines

Aushadhas – medicinal herbs – are the dravyas – substances used in treating diseases. In these dravyas are located the Rasas – the six tastes. Not all rasas are located in all the dravyas. Each dravya has a rasa or rasas specific to them. Thus, the six types of rasas are located in their respective dravyas.

There are two kinds of dravyas. They are –

  1. Sthavara Dravyas – immobile substances – plant kingdom
  2.   Jangama Dravyas – mobile substances – animal kingdom

Sthavara Dravya is of four types. They are –

  1. Vanaspati – they do not have flowers but bear fruits
  2. Vrksha – they bear both flowers (which manifest first) and fruits (which come later)

iii. Virudha – they spread on the ground or creep on other plants. Creepers and shrubs are included herein.

  1. Aushadhi – they exist only until the fruits ripen and perish after that happens.

Parts useful for medicinal purposes – twak (bark), patra (leaves), pushpa (flowers), phala (fruits), mula (roots), kanda (rhizomes), niryasa (resin, gum), swarasa (juice, latex, sap)

Jangama Dravya is of four types. They are –

  1. Jarayuja – born from placenta (womb) – examples – cattle, man, wild animals etc.
  2. Andaja – born out of eggs – examples – birds, snakes, creeping animals like snakes etc.

iii. Swedaja – born from sweat, warmth and such other dirt – examples – worms, insects, ants etc.

  1. Udbhija – born from earth – examples – indragopa (cochineal insect), frogs etc.

Parts useful for medicinal purposes – charma (skin, hide), nakha (nails, claws), roma (body hairs), rudhira (blood) etc.

  1. Parthiva Dravyas – materials derived from earth

Among the Parthiva Dravyas, below mentioned are useful –

  1. Suvarna – gold
  2.   Rajata – silver
  3. Mani – precious stones,
  4.   Mukta – pearls
  5. Manahshila – orpiment
  6. Mruttika – mud / earth / clay
  7. Kapala – piece of earthen pot

Ores and metals are also included in this category.

  1. Kala Krita – effects of time

Kala means time factor. Below mentioned are the special factors of time which are beneficial for treatment purposes –

  1. Pravata – heavy breeze
  2.   Nivata – mild breeze
  3. Atapa – sunlight
  4.   Chaya – shade
  5. Jyotsna – moonlight
  6. Tama – darkness
  7. Shita – cold
  8.   Ushna – heat, warmth
  9. Varsha – rains
  10. Ahoratra – day and night
  11. Paksha – fortnight
  12. Masa – month
  13. Rutu – seasons
  14.   Ayana – solstice
  15.   Samvatsara – year etc.

The above mentioned are various variants and presentations of kala. They by their basic nature would cause sanchaya (accumulation), prakopa (aggravation, increase), prashama (pacification) and pratikara (cure) of doshas. Therefore, kala is useful in treatment of aggravated doshas and the diseases caused due to them.